Decoding the Indian Muslim - Integration or alienation?

IIPM Mumbai Campus

A First-Ever TSI-Team Cvoter Nationwide Survey

India's largest minority community has been the subject of frenetic discussions across the political spectrum in recent decades. on the right of the divide, they are pilloried for being beneficiaries of an alleged policy of minority appeasement. On the other side, they usually end up being used and abused as a convenient vote bank. At election time, for candidates in a large number of crucial constituencies across the length and breadth of india, muslims assume great significance because they possess the power to impact the final outcome at the hustings. But how much really has the indian muslim suffered as a result of being a pawn in a game of political expediency? How has continuing economic backwardness and a lack of mainstream educational and employment opportunities impacted the way members of the community think? this exhaustive survey conducted across multiple locations and social segments seeks out the answers from a complex web of questions that confront the indian muslim in contemporary india...

Keeping The Faith

Much water has flowed down the Saryu since the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya – and the idea that is India - was reduced to rubble nearly two decades ago. One of independent India’s most cataclysmic flashpoints, this outrage committed by Hindutva's foot soldiers occurred a year or so after the process of economic liberalisation was set in motion. The nation as a whole has definitely moved on since then. But has the Indian Muslim been allowed to keep pace? Have the fruits of economic progress touched his day-to-day existence quite to the extent that it has the lives of India’s burgeoning middle class?

Let’s face it, it hasn’t. The Rajinder Sachar Committee report, tabled in Parliament in 2006, provided confirmation of that fact and, ironically, appeared to vindicate the BJP’s contention that the left and the left-of-centre political parties have only indulged in ‘minority appeasement’ and exploited Muslims merely as a vote bank. Therefore, six decades and a bit after Independence, true empowerment continues to elude major swathes of India’s largest minority community.
But it is amply clear from the findings of the exhaustive TSI-Team CVoter survey on the following pages that Indian Muslims want to put the past behind them and find their rightful place in the national scheme of things in terms of both socio-economic indices and educational parameters. But who will show them the way? Muslims are crucial to the electoral fortunes of all leading political formations of the country, but economically and socially they have constantly oscillated between real despair and false hope as those who claim to represent the community’s interests have only flattered to deceive.

While more than 40 per cent of the Muslim respondents across the three categories covered by the survey – minority college students, madarsa pupils and the rest of India – asserted that they are satisfied with the role that religious organisations play in their lives, a majority felt that they do not need a separate Muslim political party to espouse their cause. Clearly, the leadership within and outside the community has failed them. Significantly, however, 58 per cent of minority college students, 50 per cent of madarsa students and 65 per cent of general Muslims said that they do not feel insecure in Hindu majority India and an overwhelmingly large percentage asserted that they would never opt for Pakistan or Bangladesh given a chance.

It is a community in flux. Even though a whole new generation has emerged – for them the baggage of Partition is a thing of the past – they have reason to look back in anger. Yet, the dignity and maturity with which Muslims in general have reacted to the contentious Ayodhya verdict is an indication that the dust is probably beginning to settle and happier days could be up ahead.
But it can never be easy to live down the past no matter how enticing the future may appear to be. It is especially difficult when the past is littered with turns of events that have engendered fear and distrust. It is a bit of a cul-de-sac: while the doctrine of majoritarian supremacy often stares the Muslim community in the face, most political, social or administrative moves aimed at bettering the community's lot evokes instant cynicism. They get battered by Muslim-baiters even as they are accused of being mollycoddled by the so-called pseudo secularists. It's a no-win situation.

The Indian Muslim has had to weather many storms in the past few decades as a result. The Shah Bano case of the 1980s and the then Rajiv Gandhi government’s response to it triggered the accusations of appeasement that have, sadly, continued to dominate all discourse pertaining to Indian Muslims ever since.

In the 1970s, there were riots after riots in different parts of the country and in each case ordinary people bore the brunt as political and religious forces sought to cash in on heightened emotions. In the 1980s, Muslims had to repeatedly ‘pass’ the cricket loyalty test to prove their allegiance to India. In the 1990s, they had to live under the shadow of a Masjid dome that was no more. And in the first decade of the new millennium, the post-Godhra Gujarat riots exposed their vulnerability like never before. And now, every time a terror strike takes place somewhere in india, the common Muslim cowers in trepidation. The historical spectre of the two-nation theory refuses to stop haunting them.

As of April 2010, the 160 million-strong community constitutes 13.4 per cent of India’s population – only two nations, Indonesia (200 million) and Pakistan (174 million), have more Muslims. But their representation in Indian government jobs and security agencies is grossly lower than what it should ideally be.

But all is certainly not lost. The literacy rate among Muslims is 59 per cent against the all-India overall rate of 65 per cent – with a just a little effort, the gap is eminently bridgeable. A Muslim child today attends school for three years and four months compared to the national average of four years. Once again, the distance does not seem to be so yawning that it cannot be closed.
Indeed, once the education gap that separates Muslims and the rest of India is eliminated, everything else could begin to fall in place. What is needed is genuine political will. Indian Muslims have kept their faith in India’s ‘secularism’ in the face of the gravest of provocations. The nation owes them more than mere lip service.


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As long as the US remains adventurous in the Yellow Sea, China will keep playing Pyongyang card to its merit

IIPM Mumbai Campus

A Ship In My Backyard

We will never allow others to keep snoring beside our beds," Chairman Mao Zedong famously quipped years ago when he was asked to define the strategy to contain the hostile nations in the vicinity. Half a century later, with the United States' 7th fleet breathing down their necks in the backyard, the comrades appear as cool as cucumber. There is no confusion it seems. None was allowed to snore then; none, it appears, will be allowed now.

During the last weekend, China proposed emergency consultations among participants to the Six-Party Talks next month amidst growing hostility on the Korean Peninsula.
"After careful deliberations, China proposes emergency consultations, among the heads of delegations to the Six-Party Talks, in early December in Beijing," said Wu Dawei, Chinese special representative for Korean Peninsula affairs. It was China's latest decision following the exchange of artillery fire last week between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea (ROK).

It was deliberated as the ROK and the United States started a four-day joint naval exercise in waters west of the Korean Peninsula, with the US aircraft carrier USS George Washington spearheading the exercise.

However, sources close to TSI have maintained that no live-fire drills were planned at the US' 7th Fleet. Officials would not provide the immediate site for the exercise but sources said it was being conducted at about 160 kilometres south of Yeonpyeong Island, the scene of last week's artillery exchange.

Let's look into the reason behind the current spike in hostilities. The basic rationale behind this showdown is the long-term inter-Korean mutual military deterrence. In the run up to the latest exchange of artillery fire, tensions were still lingering on the Korean Peninsula following the sinking of the Cheonan. The situation was made complex because of the refusal of the US and the ROK to engage in dialogue with Pyongyang while indulging in a series of joint military exercises.
To worsen the situation, in response to the hard-line policy of the US and the ROK, the DPRK took an even pugnacious formulation and threatened to wage war against the ROK saying that if the latter's force infringe on even one inch of its territorial sea, it will come all guns blazing.

More perturbing, Pyongyang unveiled its new uranium enrichment plant to an American scientist while the ROK's hawkish defence minister has hinted that Seoul might weigh asking the US to redeploy nuclear weapons, which were withdrawn from the peninsula following the collapse of Soviet Union.

It is expected that Beijing will try to induce Pyongyang to exercise restraint and stop its military dealings, and will talk Seoul into stopping military determent and showdown. However, under the menace of predominant large-scale US-ROK military exercises, it is hard to conceive of that Pyongyang will evaluate Beijing's proposal.
Recently, China's leaders marked the 60th anniversary of its entry into the Korean War and the "friendship established in battle" with the North. However, experts have started to believe that its neighbour and ally is more often a source of frustration than sympathy these days.

"Of course our statesmen are peeved. But they don't express it in public,” said Shi Yinhong, an expert on Peninsula hostilities at Renmin University in Beijing. “For us it has become increasingly difficult to balance our relationship with the North and the South.”

Experts also warn that Beijing's forbearance would run out if the North continued to act incendiary. Indeed, Beijing's cagy reaction to the artillery attack – refusing to impute blame and calling on all sides to show restraint – should not be mistaken for blessing.

China has, in the past, snubbed the North in public, however, it can not afford to damage its relationship. Pyongyang is already bitter about Beijing's maximising ties with Seoul – financial dealings between China and Seoul reached $140 bn last year; in relation, that with Pyongyang was worth less than $3bn the previous year.

However, America's continued adventures off China's coast has made Beijing prioritise its responses. The situation is made complex by China’s inquisitive attempts to liken economic waters, which commonly extend about 200 nautical miles off a nation's coast, with territorial waters, which normally reach about 12 nautical miles off the same. But experts seem to have answer for that.

"During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the Soviet Union constituted nuclear missile bases on the island, the US objected to the close propinquity of the Soviet weapons system even though they travelled only through international waters to reach Cuba, and the US set up a encirclement to stop them being positioned," points out Shen Dingli, director of the Center for American Studies at Fudan University, while talking to TSI. "When the US ponders the idea of positioning its nuclear aircraft carrier in the Yellow Sea, very next to China, shouldn't China have the aforesaid notion as the US did when the Soviet Union deployed missiles in Cuba?" Point Taken.

China may not have the militaristic forte to forcefully forestall such drills now, but it may do so in consequence to such provocative acts in the futurity. Also in terms of geopolitical scheme, the Yellow Sea is the entryway to China's capital area and a critical transit to the heartland of Beijing and Tianjin. The exercise location chosen by the United States and South Korea is only 500 kilometres off Beijing. Naturally, China will be mindful of the security imperativeness from military drills conducted so close to China's heartland.

Major General Luo Yuan, a military expert at the PLA Academy of Military Sciences, says, “7th Fleet has a combat radius of 600 kilometres and its fighters have that of 1,000 kilometres. The drills present a direct security menace to China's hinterland and the Bohai Rim Economic Circle.”

Under the circumstances, China will continue to play the Pyongyang card – a potent card in its hand as a regional and global player. However, there are terminus ad quem to its use as it will not risk regional imbalance, the North's collapse, a deluge of refugees along its extended border with the North and possibly a unified peninsula. As one Chinese diplomat quipped famously, “North Korea is our East Germany. We wont let it die. Remember what happened when East collapsed? Soviet Union collapsed too.” That says it all.

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Why should I carry on if I can’t wield any power

IIPM Prof Rajita Chaudhuri's Snaps

Karnataka Lokayukta Santosh Hegde has been in the news for his principled stand against corruption in public life. He stepped down from his post and then took back the resignation following an appeal by veteran BJP leader LK advani. BUT in the course of an hourlong chat with TSI's Satish Chapparike and K Divyadarshini, Justice Hegde made no bones about his feelings.

Do you see this is as a happy ending to an unnecessary imbroglio?

For me it was not unnecessary. It may have been unnecessary for the government. Outwardly, they put up a bold front, saying they would not talk to me. One of the ministers said sarcastically, “He is too big a man and who am I to ask him to take back his resignation?” The day I resigned the reaction was interesting. Everybody said, “He is an honest man and works very hard.” The next day the tenor changed and they started saying “I don’t know why he suddenly resigned.” By day three they started attacking me directly.

Do you mean the ministers and the CM?

Yes, the ministers. The CM didn’t say anything. His attitude was “if he is going let him go”. The ministers obviously reflected the views of the CM or the party. Ramachandre Gowda (minister for medical education) said: “From where will we give him power? He is asking for powers that even the government doesn't have. Should we give him everything that he asks for?” Mr BN Bache Gowda (minister for labour) was equally aggressive. They were going too far, so I hit back. I usually do not hit below the belt, but I realised that in this scenario offence was the best form of defence. It was a planned attack on me. Even VS Acharya (home minister) said I'd been given everything I sought and there was no end to my demands.

You eventually decided to withdraw your resignation. What did Mr Advani tell you?

Advaniji did not speak to me for these ten days. At the end he told me, “Santosh, if you are ready to listen to me, I am ready to go to the press and make a public appeal and also ask the government of Karnataka to consider your demands. But you should not go back.”

BJP used Advani as a weapon...

Yes, I agree.

Advaniji’s party is ruling the state, so would you ask him to help you curb corruption in the state?

I need not ask because Advaniji has understood it. And I am sure he knows about the ministers who are involved in mining and other scams. I told Advaniji that if you are asking me to withdraw my resignation I will do it but they must assure me that they will give me the power. He said he will see to it. Shouldn't you have set a deadline for your demands to be met?

I do not think state leaders have approached Advaniji. As far as I know Advaniji is not a person who will make use of me. Because of Advaniji and Gadkari, the CM came to my house. It was very evident that he came because he was asked to and he was not very happy. I didn’t set a deadline because of two issues: I want suo moto power and I want authority to investigate higher officers and political leaders without complaints.

Can't you make use of Advaniji to crack down on scams?

Yes I can. I know what is happening in the flood-affected areas and I have submitted a report about the corruption that is happening in the name of rehabilitation work. I know not a single house has been built.

But didn't Advani use you to save his government’s face?

Yes I think so. Even today (July 4, 2010) Advaniji called me to thank me for accepting his advice. I told him unless it is necessary I won’t bother you but if I have anything I will approach Mr Gadkari. He has assured me that he will see to it that my demands are considered. If he doesn’t listen to me, I will approach Advaniji.

Do you think Advani will agree to act if you approach him?

Yes, he has got a moral obligation to do that and he will do that. He asked me to withdraw my resignation. I have no doubt that he wants me to continue in a proper and effective manner. I do not think he wants me to become a tool in the hands of the BJP government.

Do you think the Karnataka government will change its mindset?

Well, I don’t know whether they will change or not. Wherever I find that they have committed a mistake I will not spare them. The war will certainly continue. I have withdrawn my resignation for a reason. I am not working for drawing salary and the perks of office. I'll not continue for a day if my conscience does not let me. I will expose everything and go.

Everyone knows what is happening in Bellary and who all are behind it...

Yes there is illegal mining in Bellary. There is a big political lobby behind it. But we have to have definite material to prove whether it is purely political or something done by mining groups in Bellary. In your four-year stint as Lokayukta you must have learned many lessons. But this particular incident seems to have taught you much more than what you learned earlier. Has it toughened you?

Yes, of course. I will utilise what is left of my tenure , which is technically about 12 months, to expose administrative malpractices and corruption to the extent possible. I have not spared anybody or I have not sought any help from anybody, even Mr Advaniji. I respect him for many other reasons. It was he who approached me, I didn’t approach him.

What will you do if your demands are not met in the coming months?

I will quit without raising any hue and cry. I will go quietly, won't let even the media get wind of my move. I was not very happy with the way political parties took advantage of my departure. But I was really, really surprised by the public opinion and the media reaction not only in the state but all across the nation.

So you have to fight with the same people and a ‘father figure’...

Yes, if nothing happens I will approach him and tell him what has been happening and I will quit. But before that I will prepare a detailed report on corruption. Huge fraud is happening in mining, there are frauds in drug purchase, and there is a huge fraud in government land being given in grant to various powerful people. But there are powerful people involved in it and they want to stop any investigation. I can point out many other areas. For example, take flood relief. I am inquiring into it. But if I can’t do anything why should I be in power?

So you believe that politics is a mafia operation?

Yes it is. Today you can call it a business too. One spends crores to get into power. Invest money and get it back!

How can we curb this trend?

What you allowed to grow in 60 years cannot be cleaned in six years. But taking into consideration the disaster that may fall upon this country I think we have to get the people to understand what we are really going through and where the 85 paise out of 1 rupee which is meant to be given to the people go.

What will be your immediate steps at this point?

I will continue as the Lokayukta, I have a lot of ongoing inquiries on my hands against individuals and against the system. I have to first complete all those investigations. And if the government gives me suo moto power, I will certainly go after all those powerful people whom I presume to be corrupt.

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TSI EXCLUSIVE: Sham of a Lab

IIPM Prof Arindam Chaudhuri on Our Parliament and Parliamentarians' Work

Unqualified appointees run Delhi's forensic facility, investigates Umesh Patil


From the Amar Singh phone tapping incident to the BMW hit and run case, from the Jessica Lal murder case to Shivani Bhatnagar murder, forensic findings have played a key role in nailing culprits in hundreds of such cases. Courts consider forensic evidence vital to the fate of a case. And courts take these evidences into consideration while delivering judgments. Needless to say, forensic reports can seriously change the fate of a case. In BMW case, accused Sanjeev Nanda got the breather when a forensic expert, an important witness to the case, maintained that the finger marks found on the steering wheel were not matching those of the accused. In the same way, Rahul Mahajan was let off because forensic experts recorded the statement claiming that the toxic substance recovered from Rahul's house was heroin and not anything else that would have increased the quantum of the punishment. These examples are enough to show how important forensic evidences are.

But today we raise a vital question. Are these so-called experts qualified to handle such sensitive cases?

Now imagine a scenario where the forensic expert conducting a DNA test has never known how a DNA strand looks like. Or the man doing the lie detector test has no expertise in conducting such tests. It might sound stupid or outright scary: anything but true. But the scariest part is that it is true. This is the story of the Delhi-based Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL).

Few weeks back, FSL had published an advertisement inviting applications for appointment of 36 senior scientific officers (SSOs) through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

These openings were in different departments including biology, physics, chemistry, document and lie detection. The UPSC, in this regard, had published the advertisements in Employment News from February 28 to March 6. Under the qualification section, it was mentioned that an applicant must possess a Master's degree in the concerned subject with relevant experience of three to five years in the field.

However, TSI has found out that most of the appointees did not have the required experience where as a few of them went to the length of furnishing false certificates. The proof regarding the same is with TSI. The question arises that why doesn't the agency concerned conduct a thorough background check of the applicants for such important positions. And this is when none other than the UPSC conducts the examination. The interesting part is that the Delhi government's home department had categorically said in its communique that two of the applicants were not qualified for the post. However, the UPSC chose to ignore the communication and appointed them following interviews. They continue to work at FSL. In another case, some of the applicants had previously worked on daily or contract basis whereas FSL awarded them full employee certificates. Naturally, the role of FSL comes into question as well. According to documents in possession of TSI, it becomes evident how corrupt and irresponsible the appointment process has been for this Rohini-based lab. FSL was established in 1995. In the beginning, it was under Delhi Police. Later, it was shifted under the purview of the home department of Delhi government. It has seven divisions, namely ballistics, biology, chemistry, document, lie detection, physics and a photo unit.

The ballistics division takes care of investigations related to weapons of crime such as firearms, cartridges, explosives etc. The biology division takes care of liquids, skeletons, DNA and crimes such as rape and murder and helps in zeroing on the culprit. The chemistry division is responsible for all sorts of drug-related investigations and the study of viscera. The physics division comes handy in investigating hit and run cases, road accidents and investigating materials such as cement, sand, bricks, mortar and plastics. The document division investigates handwriting, typewriting, printed matter, seals, stamps, overwriting, age of documents, bank drafts, cheques, receipts, wills, affidavits, bail bonds, lottery tickets, agreement, passport, currency etc. Apart from this, cyber crimes are also investigated here. The lie detection division similarly takes care of polygraphy tests which help in corroborating statements of witnesses, plaintiffs and the accused. The photo unit division takes care of photographic evidences in general and photographic evidences of the scene of crime in particular.

In such a sensitive institution, a small mistake can turn an innocent into guilty and a criminal into innocent. But in complete disregard to the sensitivity of the matter, this institution has become an epitome of corruption and mismanagement. We are talking about a few candidates who not only submitted fake certificates but were singularly underqualified for the posts. However, these candidates were appointed in utmost disregard of the laid-out norms. Imrana applied for the post of SSO in biology division. Her experience certificate was accompanied by a certificate from Perfect Analytical Lab situated at Manish Twin Plaza, Sector 9, Plot No 8, Dwarka which vouched that Imrana has worked there for close to three years. The background check was done and she was appointed. However the reply to an application filed under the Right To Information Act (RTI) filed in this regard states that the Perfect Analytical Lab that issued the experience certificate to Imrana does not exist. MCD, in its reply, has said that there is an apartment complex at the address mentioned. Similarly, another applicant, Loktongbai Babito Devi, also applied for the post of senior scientific officer in the biology division. She submitted an experience certificate from FSL, Manipur, where she claimed she worked from the year 2002 to 2004. She was promptly interviewed and appointed for the post. However, an RTI application filed in Manipur, FSL, found that no such individual has ever worked there.

In the same division, Sunita Suman was also selected as a senior scientific officer. According to the documents submitted by her, she claimed she worked in the chemistry division of the same FSL as scientific associate on a contract basis. In her application, she said she worked as scientific assistant. FSL on its part issued two experience certificates and both of them were issued on the same day. Both of them had the signature of director V. K. Goyal and both of them had the initials of investigating officers. Now the million dollar question is why did the UPSC ignore these facts.

According to the sources in FSL, Sunita Suman was in contact with Professor O. P. Ahuja of Punjabi University, Patiala, who was a member of the interview board. She apparently knew Ahuja from her student days in Punjabi University and was fully aware that he was in the interview panel. It is necessary to mention here that the names of members in the selection board is kept secret.

Similarly, in the chemistry division, there are applicants who provided wrong information and furnished fake certificates of experience. One Subodh Kumar Pol does not even posses a Master's degree in the relevant subject and neither has he any experience in forensic science. But he was selected as senior scientific officer in the chemistry division. Amit Rawat was also appointed as SSO in the chemistry division but his experience certificate says he was working as a scientific assistant in the biology division. Similarly, Bharti and Kanaklata were appointed as SSOs in the chemistry division even though both of them have no experience in forensic sciences. And they are not alone. There are several SSOs who have no prior experience in forensic sciences but are employed at FSL.

Hilariously, one applicant for the post of SSO in the lie detection division, Aruna Misra, showed experience of working at five separate places. But she attached merely three certificates one of which is from FSL, Rohini. According to the document, she worked at FSL from January 12, 2007 to February, 19, 2009. But according to RTI, the division was closed in that time period. Naturally, it appears that these applicants were appointed without doing any background check whatsoever and that their documents were never authenticated.

The document division is no exception. One Vijender Singh was appointed as SSO in the division whereas his experience certificate states that he previously worked at Rohini FSL as scientific assistant in the physics division.

In another revelation, it was found out that in 2009, Mukul Koranga, deputy secretary of the home department of Delhi government, sent a letter to the deputy secretary of UPSC, P. P. Haldar, stating that two SSOs in the physics division, Shanker Singh Badwal and V. Lakshmi had no experience in the concerned fields as they had previously worked in the ballistics division. However, even after such clear communiques, both these officers continue on their posts.

In a reply to an RTI application, the Delhi laboratory stood its ground and said that there has been no discrepancy in the selection process and that documents of all the candidates were thoroughly checked. However, this can not be true as withholding information or providing wrong information leads to automatic disqualification of a candidate. Such cases are referred to the Central Administrative Tribunal but nothing of that sort was ever done. Horse's mouth

A K Gupta, former director, FSL Delhi

In any kind of investigation, what is the importance of a scientific expert's findings in the court?
A court counts report of an expert as a very strong evidence.

You have worked as a document expert. Can an expert in physics work as a document expert?
No, how is it possible? Both departments are different and they have different functions.

Whose role is most important in appointment of an SSO?
The UPSC's role is most important because only the UPSC selects candidates and then the home department of Delhi government and FSL regularise them.

Who is responsible for checking the documents submitted by applicants before recruitment?
The UPSC and the home department are both responsible because the UPSC is responsible for selection of candidates and the documents are verified by the home department officials.

Does an FSL director know who all are working there, which posts they hold and which department they belong to?
It is obvious that the FSL director will know about the employees working in his facility.

An Initiative of IIPM, Malay Chaudhuri and Arindam chaudhuri (Renowned Management Guru and Economist).

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